BONE
BRIEF HISTORY
During the next half-century the state was conquered by Gowa several times, in 1611, 1640 and finally in 1644. On the last occasion it lost its independence and became subject to Makassar. It took another twenty years before Bone regained its independence under 'Arung Palakka' in the 1660's. He developed the Bugis into a great maritime power who allied themselves with the Dutch and dominated the islands for nearly a century.
Relations with the Dutch remained relatively stable until the early years of the twentieth century. However, when the Dutch dispatched a pacification force in 1905, the Arumponi fled into the jungles with his nobles and warriors, and prepared for war. After evading troops, he was captured, deposed and exiled to Java.
A Council of Nobles administered Bone after 1905, but self-rule was restored in 1931. La Mappanjuki Karaeng Silayar, younger son of the deposed Sultan of Gowa and a grandson of a former Arumponi succeeded. The new ruler served with his father against the Dutch invasion in 1905 and shared his exile for several years. He proved to be no friend of Holland, siding with the Javanese republicans during the independence struggle. He therefore retained an honoured place during the post independence period, occupying several important offices in the provincial administration. His name is revered as one of the founders of Indonesian independence.
STYLES & TITLES:
The ruling prince: (personal name) (personal titles) Sri Sultan (reign name) ibnu (father's titles and reign name), Arumponi of Bone, with the style of His Highness.
The Heir Apparent: Arung Palakka.
The other sons, grandsons and other male descendants of the ruling prince, in the male line: Andi (personal name) (personal titles)
The daughters, granddaughters and other female descendants of the ruling prince, in the male line: Andi Siti (personal name) (personal titles)
RULES OF SUCCESSION:
Selection by the Aruppitu from any member of the dynasty who is of Royal descent through both parents.
ORDERS & DECORATIONS:
None known.
GLOSSARY:
Adat: traditional customs, status.
Aru: installation ceremony including the act of holding a kris or sword and taking an oath of feilty.
Arumponi: "Lord of Bone", the title borne by the supreme ruler of Bone.
Arung: lord, noble, ruler.
Arung Palakka: "Lord of Palakka", the title borne by the heir apparent of Bone.
Aruppitu: "the seven lords", a term applied to the rulers of the seven original states of the federation.
Bicara: process of law.
Bissu: pre-Islamic holy man, intermediary between the spirit and mortal worlds.
Bundu'kasallannga: a term applied to the Islamisation wars of the early seventeenth century.
core-core: pre-Islamic holy women, intermediary between the spirit and mortal worlds.
Daeng Kalula: an early title for the head of a community or state.
Datu: ruler, prince.
Gaukeng: sacred object.
Gellareng: head of a village or region.
Hadat Tinggi: the Makassar House of Lords established under the East Indonesian Federal regime 1946-1950.
I La Galigo: the earliest known Bugis epic chronicling the legendary history of Luwu.
Kafir: unbeliever.
Kali: the chief Islamic official in the kingdom.
Kawerrang: a bundle of rice stalks bound together. A term applied to the core of seven states forming the original union of the Bone kingdom.
Latoa: a "Mirror of Kings" chronicling the wisdom of the ages and a guide for good government.
Mado: an early title for community leader.
Makkedangetana: "the spokesman of the land", the most senior office in the land after the ruler. A title often equated with Prime Minister.
Matoa Pitu: "seven elders". A term applied to the supreme council composed of the rulers of the seven original states of the federation.
Pajumpulaweng: the golden umbrella, the most important piece of regalia.
Pesse: "pain", i.e. empathy with one's fellow man. A term applied to the spiritual unity of the people.
Punggawa: commander-in-chief during wartime.
Raja Muda: heir apparent, viceroy.
Samparajae: "the great defender", the ruler's standard, an important part of his regalia.
Sarat: Islamic religious council.
Sembangang pulaweng: gold chains with pendant medals forming part of the regalia, but originally bestowed by European powers on earlier rulers.
Siri: face, as in self-respect or worth.
Tautongang: gentry, lower nobility.
Tellumpocco: "the three powers", a term applied to the historic triple alliance between Bone, Wajo and Soppeng.
Tomarilaleng Malolo: a high official who serves as the intermediary between the Makkedangetana and the Supreme Advisory Council.
Tomarilaleng Matoa: the President of the Supreme Advisory Council.
Tomanurung: "he/she who descended", a term applied to the legendary rulers of the state and their descendants.
Torisompai: 'he who is given obeisance', a term of address applied to the Arumponi during the reign of Arung Palakka.
Watampone: "the trunk of Bone", a term applied to the seven original states of the federation, after the expansion of the kingdom to include other states.
SOURCES:
Abdurrazak daeng Patunru, Sedjarah Goa. Jajasan Kebudajaen Sulawesi Selatan dan Tenggara, Makassar, 1967.
Leonard Y. Andaya, The Heritage of Arung Palakka: A History of South Sulawesi (Celebes) in the Seventeenth Century. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, The Hague, 1981.
A. Ligtvoet, "Transcriptie van de Lontara-Bilang of het Dagboek der Vorsten van Gowa en Tello", Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, Vierde Volgteeks, Vierde Deel - 1e stuk. Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, The Hague, 1880. pp 1-259.
J. Noorduyn, Bima en Sumbawa: Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis van de sultanen Bima en Sumbawa door A. Ligtvoet en G.P. Rouffaer. Foris Publications, Dordrecht-Holland, 1987.
I Jereef, Wilhelmus Theodorus, De wind en de bladeren. Hierarchie en autonomie in Bone en Polombangkeng, 1850-1950, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, 1994.
SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
D. Tick, Pusat Dokumentasi Kerajaan-Kerajaan di Indonesia "Pusaka".
Copyright©Christopher Buyers, December 2001 - May 2006